EM: A Microbial Product for Sustainable Agriculture

Microorganisms are widely utilized in human medicine and health, food processing, agricultural biotechnology, environmental protection and the treatment of wastes. These organisms are most effective when introduced into a suitable environment containing substrates that match their metabolic needs. Professor Teruo Higa of Ryukus University in Japan identified several microorganisms that promote agricultural production and environmental conservation (Higa 1993). The microorganisms are packaged as “EM Technology”, including a product “EM1”_® that is stocked in Kenya by several retailers.

This technology consists of naturally-occurring microorganisms that are compatible with one another and can coexist in liquid culture. The microorganisms include photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas spp.), lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus spp.) and yeast (Saccharomyces spp.). When in contact with organic matter, they secrete beneficial substances such as vitamins, organic acids, minerals and antioxidants that beneficially affect plants and other micro-organisms (Table 1). In agriculture, EM promotes crop growth and yield through improved release of plant nutrients, photosynthesis, resistance to plant diseases, efficacy of organic matter as fertilizers and in suppression of soil-borne pathogens and pests. The EM product also reduces offensive smells from industrial and domestic waste disposal sites, inhibits proliferation of harmful microorganisms and vectors such as flies, mosquitoes and ticks and retards the oxidation of metals.

EM is not a substitute for other management practices, rather it may be considered a compatible accompanying technology. It may be combined with other sustainable land managements such as crop rotations, use of organic amendments, conservation tillage, crop residue recycling and biocontrol of pests. In Kenya, this technology is promoted by EM Kenya for use by organic and conventional farmers. In environmental management, EM may be used to treat industrial and human wastes as it controls odors and accelerates decomposition.

EM Technology in Agriculture

EM1_® is sold in one liter plastic bottles containing a yellow-brown liquid with an acidic pH (<4.0).>

According to Prof. Higa, the microorganisms contained in EM promote more favorable soil microbial populations which decompose organic inputs and soil organic matter and also suppress plant parasitic organisms. Non-symbiotic microbial innoculants are relatively new to organic farming systems and show promise as a means to regulate microbial processes in the phylloplane (leaves), rhizosphere (roots) and soil. Because these processes are complex and biologically-based, the effects of EM technology are not as predictable or consistent compared to more conventional agro-chemicals, but nor are they as destructive to the environment. EM technology is considered “organic” and may be used within certified production systems. Preliminary field trials with tomatoes at Embu in Eastern Kenya suggest that a very large economic return may be obtained from spraying EM onto crops (Table 2).

Other EM Products and Applications

Figure 1. Applying an EM solution to climbing beans using a watering can at a dilution of 1:1000.

EM extended solution is prepared by mixing EM stock, molasses and water. It is stored in an air tight container for 7-14 days to ferment until the solution attains a pH of below 4.0 and with a sweet sour smell. Its shelf life is normally 30 days after fermentation.

EM fermented plant extract is made by fermenting young fresh weeds with molasses and EM stock. It contains organic acids, bioactive substances, minerals and other useful organic compounds. By absorbing these derivatives, the plant develops antioxidants and improves its resistance to diseases. It should be applied after seedling emergency to control pests and diseases.

EM insect repellant is prepared from molasses, vinegar, distilled spirit and EM stock and stored in a tightly closed plastic container away from direct sunlight for 7-14 days. It should be used within three months after preparation by spraying a diluted solution of 1:200 (100 ml EM: 20 litres) after seed germination.

Figure 2. Applying an EM solution to young pumpkin vines using a backpack sprayer at a dilution of 1:500.

EM compost is made by applying fermented plant extract at 1:100 and sprinkling it onto a compost pile until it contains about 30% moisture. The compost is then covered and left to react for 30 to 40 days, when the compost is ready for application to the filed.

EM fermented livestock feed is made by sprinkling EM onto the feed, mixing and storing in an airtight plastic container for 10-14 days. A sweet sour smell indicates good quality silage while a rotten smell, resulting from excess oxygen, indicates poor quality. Add the fermented feed to the regular livestock feed and use within 3 months.

References

EM Technologies. 1996. The Apnan User’s Manual: EM Nature Farming Guide. EM Kenya, Embu. 139 pp.

Higa, T. and Parr, J.F. 1994. Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms (publisher not provided). 416 pp.

Higa, T. 1993. An Earth Saving Revolution. Ryukus University, Japan. 436 pp.

Turf Maintenance with Effective Microorganisms (EM)

Agriculture

Managing Turf with Effective Microorganisms

EM-1® Microbial Inoculant has quickly become an essential tool in sustainable and organic management of healthy turf. EM-1® has been utilized by the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) division of the Park and Recreation Department of the City of San Francisco for the past 4 years to improve turf quality and without the use of dangerous fungicides and pesticides. EM-1® is a necessary technology for the golf course industry to help meet new city and state government mandates that require up to an 80% reduction of most fungicides and pesticides. The public is now demanding turf management that does not compromise the environment or our health. EM-1® represents a viable solution, and is a safe and effective alternative for residential lawns, city parks, schools, and golf courses.

EM-1® supplies a benificial micro-ecology that improves soil structure, drainage, and water retention of the soil's rhizosphere (root zone). EM-1® will significantly improve turf quality during the months of extreme heat and moisture when disease pressure is greatest.

Amount of Turf Stress	Application frequency	Application Rate (EM-1®:Water)	Hose-end sprayer setting
Low	Once a month	1:100	1-1.5oz./gallon
High	Once a week	1:50	2-3oz./gallon

Managing Turf with Effective Microorgansims™

Recommendations for a successful EM-1® lawn:

1. Apply the EM-1® with a hose-end sprayer, backpack sprayer, or inject EM-1® into the irrigayion system. EM-1® can be applied once a week during periods of extreme drought or rain and once a month for maintaining optimal turf quality and health.
2. Use organic fertilizers with EM-1®. During cool weather apply EM-1® with liquid kelp. In the fall or spring Effective microorganisms can be applied with a liquid fish emulsion.
3. Use a "mulching mower" to chop and redeposit the grass clipping. Spray EM-1® onto the turf after mowing. This enables the clippings to rapidly breakdown into stable organic matter for the soil. Organic matter particles provides a home for EM-1® to establish in the soil.

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Letter of Endorsement for "EM"

Letter of Endorsement from the German Government

2005-09-09

County Wittenberg
Head of the District Authority
Department of Fire, Disaster Control, and Rescue

Ladies and Gentlemen,

With reference to the unfortunate events in New Orleans and the urgent need for worldwide and widespread help for this population in order to avert further devastating results for body, life, and nature, we would like to refer to the flood catastrophe in our country in 2002.

In the course of fighting the damage after the flood, our citizens in the county of Wittenberg received support through your company (EMIKO).

By applying the microorganisms that you provided, it was possible to contribute considerably to the elimination of the flood-caused contamination damage.

After the application of these microorganisms and following reconstruction, a large number of private homes and public institutions, such as schools, could be used again.

We believe that the application of these microorganisms (EM) could also be a valuable contribution for the citizens of New Orleans and the whole affected region.

We, being the region impacted in 2002, as well as the whole population of Wittenberg County, were grateful for having such support. We wish the citizen of New Orleans also such assistance in this difficult task of coping with the damage after the flood, and for the future we wish for a quick return to normalcy.

Yours sincerely


Michael Meissner



Letter of Endorsement from Congressman Udall


Congress of the United States
House of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515

September 20, 2005

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing in support of the Campaign for Sustainable Recovery and EM America’s initiative to introduce "Effective Microorganisms", a natural and sustaining technology, into the flooded areas of New Orleans.

I have been informed that "Effective Microorganisms" have proven effective in the prevention of pathogen diseases and could help remedy the already tragic situation occurring in the Gulf Coast region. The Campaign for Sustainable Recovery, in coopera-tion with EM America, would like to introduce ?Effective Microorganisms?, or EM, into the flooded areas of the Gulf Coast in order to combat the spread of harmful diseases in flood areas.

EM was developed in 1980 and further information indicates that it has been suc-cessfully used in disaster situations in the past 25 years. The liquid technology was sprayed into contaminated waters in Thailand as well as the other countries that were impacted by the 2004 Tsunami. It was also utilized in Germany after the flooding of the Elbe River in 2002. In both cases, EM was effective in naturally decontaminating flood sites similar to those of the Gulf Coast, where post-flood disease and illness can be devastatingly deadly to the remaining population.

Again, please accept my support for the proposal put forth by the Campaign for Sus-tainable Recovery. In the wake of a natural disaster such as Hurricane Katrina, remedies that are employed to combat immediate dilemmas may not be the best solutions for the future of our environment. It is my understanding that EM has the ability to resolve this dilemma by treating the toxic waters of the Gulf Coast with natural ingredients that will not further compromise the environmental health of the region.

Very truly yours,


Tom Udall
Member of Congress

EM Approved by EPA for Katrina Hurricane Disaster

The Emerald Earth Company, LLC had its beginnings in Santa Fe, New Mexico in the year 2005 during the Katrina Hurricane Disaster. Emerald Earth led the grassroots initiative, the EM Recovery Campaign, to gain the approval of “Effective Microorganisms” by FEMA and the EPA for decontamination applications of the Gulf Coast disaster sites. EM had successfully been used by every country impacted by the Tsunami Wave Disaster earlier that year in curbing the spread of pathogen diseases. EM had also been used by the German government during the flooding of the Elbe River in 2002 in naturally decontaminating the standing toxic waters, similar to the New Orleans flooded areas.
The EM Recovery Campaign, coordinated by head volunteers James McMath, Sabine Steinhardt, and Kendall Arey, extended a call out to concerned citizens to contact congressional members and federal disaster relief agencies to encourage the approval of EM for the EPA vendor’s list, so that it could be applied to the Gulf Coast disaster sites. Within a week, this message was forwarded by internet bloggers to hundreds of thousands of concerned citizens. Thousands responded to this call for action, as every congressional and senatorial office placed a request to the EPA and FEMA to review this matter immediately. EM was approved and placed on the EPA vendor’s list in November of 2005. The EPA said it had never experienced such a barrage of requests for a single commercial product!

http://www.emearth.com/PDFs/EpaLetter.pdf

EM Application in Tsunami Wave Disaster

After the Tsunami Disaster in 2004, the Thai Army began spraying decomposing corpses washing ashore with EM. Red Cross International and Red Crescent officials then instructed other countries in how to apply the microbial decontaminant to other coastal-damaged areas. The deaths from the spread of pathogen diseases that the World Health Organization had predicted following the disaster never happened. Senator Panot Tas-neeyanond of Thailand recently stated that, "In the aftermath of the Tsunami Disaster in the southern Andaman coastal provinces of Thailand, the Thai military and other relief authorities did use EM to help the victims in the ravaged areas. They sprayed the EM on the dead bodies, animals and other debris after the tsunami calamity and this mitigated the problems of the spread of pathogens and diseases to the vulnerable populations nearby I therefore support the use of EM for the Katrina Disaster relief in the USA

Tsunami Wave Disaster

A day after the tsunami struck the coastal areas of southern Thailand, the manufacturer of EM in Thailand, EM Kyusei gathered to discuss the possible ways to provide help to the affected areas. On the same day, Dec. 29th, Lt. Gen. Chinnarat of the Thai Royal Army (retired), advisor to the Science and Technology Committee of the Parliament and a strong advocate for EM, contacted Mr. Kazuhiko Wakugami telling that the military had been requested by the Chairperson of the Thai Red Cross to use EM in the affected areas. Henceforth, on the same day, 2 tons of EM1 was airlifted using the Thai Royal Air force plane to the affected area in Phang Nga Province, one of the hardest struck areas. They sprayed EM dilution at the temple, where dead bodies were placed temporarily for identification. There were more that 1,000 dead bodies at the temple and the Thai military was collecting the dead bodies from the disaster struck areas. They made activated EM (AEM) there and sprayed dilution of AEM every day at a dilution of 100. Among other things, a 10 ton fire truck lorry was used as well as shoulder pack sprayers. There was a general comment among doctors, military people, and other volunteers that a 50% smell reduction was observed. There was some initial protest over EM/AEM use from some forensic doctors but after observing the smell reduction, all protests stopped. EM Kyusei knew that a more concentrated solution would have more effect. However the initial problem was bringing EM into some of the inaccessible areas. At the request of the Red Cross, EM Kyusei provided 5 tons of EM on Jan 4. EM Kyusei staff brought the EM on land along with 10 staff members who have continued work with volunteers.

This is a tranlation letter from a SENATOR OF THAILAND on the use of EM in the aftermath of the TSUNAMI in Thailang.

Dear Sirs,

My name is Panat Tasneeyanond. I am currently member of the Upper House (the Senate) of the National Assembly of Thailand and serving in my capacity as committee member of the Senate Environment and Agriculture Committees. From 2000 - 20004, I used to serve as chairman of the Senate Environment committee.

Professor Panfilo Tabora of the EARTH University has asked me to write this testimonial in support of the use of EM for Katrina hurricane disater relief in the USA.

To the best of my knowledge, Thailand has been using EM for 22 years now and is handled by the Natural Farming Associations in Saraburi where the EM is produced. In the aftermath of the Tsunami disaster in the southern Andaman coastal provinces of Thailand, the Thai military and other relief authorities did use EM to help the victims in the ravaged areas. They sprayed the EM on the dead bodies, animals and other debris after the Tsunami calamity and this mitigated the problems of the spread of pathogens and diseases to the vulnerable populations nearby. It also reduced the foul stench and flies and made work very agreeable to the relief volunteers.

To further confirm the statement above, the following report by Asia Pacific Natural Agricultural Network (APNAN) is quoted as saying:

"THAILAND USES EM FOR POST TSUNAMI DAMAGE CONTROL - Thailand was also affected by the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean – and our dear friends and colleagues of EM Kyusei, who handle the EM projects in the Royal Kingdom worked close in hand with the Royal Thai Army and the Red Cross to improve sanitation in the affected areas withEM. EM Kyusei provided large quantities of EM free to the affected areas and supplies were even airlifted – to the affected regions in the South of the Kingdom. Again, the reports reaching us state the success of EM and even skeptics who were against EM were convinced of the immediate benefits caused by EM – hence we are very happy that the technology promoted by us really worked in emergency situations – and we do pledge our support to all who are interested and hence will help if requested. We also offer our sincere congratulations to EM Kyusei and all those involved in the relief operations for using this beneficial technology at the time of the crisis – this really proves the effect of Effective Microorganisms."

Sincerely yours,


Panat Tasneeyanond
Senator, Member of the Senate Environment and Agriculrure Committees

EM Application in German Flood Relief

Following the floods of the Elbe River in 2002, the German government immediately began applying EM to the contaminated stagnant waters and drained sites in the Witten-berg District. In response to the Katrina disaster, the Honorable Michael Meissner, head of the District Authority for Fire Rescue and Disaster Control wrote, "We believe that the application of these (Effective) Microorganisms could be a valuable contribution for the citizens of New Orleans and the whole affected area. We, being the region impacted in 2002, as well as the whole population of Wittenberg County, were grateful for having such support. We also wish the citizens of New Orleans such assistance in this difficult task of coping with the damage after the flood, and for the future we wish for a quick return to normalcy.

German Flood Relief

The great flood of the Elbe River in August 2002 was the biggest flood disaster in Germany in decades, with 20 casualties and more than $20 billion (USA) of damage in property and infrastructure. The flood was caused by extreme and continuous rainfall for many days in the mountains of Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany. This is in no way comparable to the disaster of last December’s tsunami in the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean but just the same people had to experience how helpless we are in face of such forces of nature.The Elbe River, one of the major streams in Europe, stretches slightly more than 1000 kilometers from east to west and descends 1384 meters from its origin in the Bohemian mountains to the North Sea. 65% of it passes through Germany, 34% through the Czech Republic. The catchment area amounts to 148,268 square kilometers. The stream flow per year measures at the Czech-German border 10 billion cubic meters and at its mouth 28 billion cubic meters per year.

In many places the dams left and right of the river were soaked to the core and threatened to break. In fear of the dams breaking, thousands of volunteers helped to strengthen and secure them. Also, parts of the German Army were called in to assist by hand or with heavy machinery where this was possible. Because of the soaked grounds in many occasions, help could only come on foot or by helicopters. Sometimes single estates and even single villages were secured by strengthening the dams. Many of these attempts failed in the end because of the tremendous amounts of water. The strong current swept everything along and carried all kinds of debris in houses, gardens and fields. When the dams broke the water poured into open fields and rushed down streets, flooding villages and towns from the back so that there was no protection for the inhabitants any more. Thus, the water flooded large areas and hundreds of villages and towns in the rather flat region.
In Germany a large number of private houses have oil tanks for the central heating systems in their basements. One of the major problems was the oil from underground storage or from the oil tanks in private cellars. Millions of liters of oil were washed into houses, gardens and fields. In addition hundreds of communal wastewater treatment plants – notably those of the city of Dresden - were flooded so that their sludge along with chemicals and excrement mixed with the oil and contaminated everything within its reach. Due to various contaminants, the cultivation of crops and vegetables was impossible for a prolonged time. Farms as well as industrial entities were affected.
Roughly one year before in the German speaking countries Austria, Germany and Switzerland a Non-profit organization entitled EM e.V. had been founded. As soon as the scale of the catastrophe was obvious they decided to help in the aftermath with donations of Effective Microorganisms™ or EM•1^®. In Germany alone more than 6,000 liters of EM•1^® were donated and shipped to one particular area in order to help fight the developing stench and contamination. With the help of volunteers the producer of EM•1^® in Germany, EMIKO Ltd., filled 4,000 liters in 10-liter containers and had them shipped to the Elbe River area. One dealer produced 2,000 liters of Activated EM•1^® and had it shipped there, too. At the same time the Austrian producer of EM•1^®, Multikraft Ltd., donated several thousand liters to support one particular area in Austria where the heavy rains had broken the dams of one particular river and devastated a number of villages and towns in a similar manner.
The operation was limited to a few villages by the Elbe River. The first problem: Apart from one family, no one had heard of EM•1^® before. So, first, of all the inhabitants were called to meetings where they were informed of the properties of EM•1^® and briefly educated on how and where to use EM•1^® most effectively. After the instruction every household could take 10 liters home, but some asked for additional EM•1^® for neighbors and friends.
While giving out the EM•1^® many questions had to be answered. Most people needed EM•1^® to eliminate stench and mold from their previously flooded rooms and basements. They also wanted to treat their gardens, orchards and ponds. Some volunteers were able to stay an extra day and visit some of the places in order to give advice on the use of EM•1^®. Many trees had lost their fruit or died from the contamination.
Through the contacts of a native Japanese individual living in Germany who volunteered in the whole operation, a team from a Japanese TV station came to report on the flood. The also came to film the activities at a school where teachers and students together learned about the efficiency of the EM•1^®. Here the school’s principal gave an interview on how Effective Microorganisms™, conceived by Dr. Higa in Japan, could now help a school in Germany. Due to the flood, the entire ground floor of the school could not be used. With applications of EM•1^® all renovation could be executed without suffering from stench and mold. For many people the appearance of mold became the biggest problem. Fortunately, EM•1^® proved to prevent the growth of these molds quite effectively.

Nutrient Cycling and (EM) Effective-Microorganism Technology

The nutrient elements undergo several natural transformations and interactions in soils and the environment. These processes are important because most plants are only able to take up certain chemical forms of each nutrient.

Therefore, many of the soil processes can render the nutrient elements unavailable or slowly available for plant uptake. While each nutrient element may differ in the transformations it undergoes, some important common processes are listed below. An understanding of these processes can help you to understand the fate of added fertilizer.

1. Mineralization - The largest source of nutrients in most soils is contained in organic compounds. Mineralization is the process by which organic nutrients are converted to inorganic forms, which plants can take up. For example, the nitrogen contained in protein is mineralized to ammonium. This process is microbially regulated (i.e. bacteria and fungi), and, therefore is affected by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture, which affect the activity and population of the microbes.

2. Immobilization - Addition of organic materials, which contain a small proportion of nitrogen and other nutrients (for example, wood chips) can cause the soil microbes to take up nutrients from the soil and reduce the amount of nutrients available for plant uptake. Frequently, the addition of woody materials without added nitrogen fertilizer can result in short-term nitrogen deficiency in plants. The general rule is that organic materials with an organic carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 30 will cause nitrogen immobilization. Addition of supplemental fertilizer nitrogen or an organic material with a high proportion of N can reduce the risk of nitrogen immobilization in the soil.

3. Cation exchange - The surfaces of small clay or organic particles (humus) often have a net negative charge on them. These negative charges can attract and retain nutrients, which have a positive charge on them. Many of the nutrient elements exist in the soil solution as charged molecules called ions. An ion with a positive charge is called a cation and an ion with a negative charge is called an anion. Common nutrient elements, which exist as cations, are potassium (K+), calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2) and ammonium (NH4+). These cations are held on exchange sites and can be taken up by plants. The cation exchange capacity of a soil is a good measure of the ability of a soil to hold nutrient elements and have high soil fertility.

4. Leaching - The movement of water through soil can result in the transport of nutrient elements down out of the rooting zone of the plant. This process of nutrient loss is called nutrient leaching and can be of serious environmental concern in areas where nutrients can enter groundwater. Leaching of nutrients also reduces the efficiency of fertilizer use since the nutrients will no longer be available for plant uptake. The forms of nutrient, which usually leach, are those, which are not readily retained by soil through processes such as cation exchange. Leaching of nitrogen usually occurs when nitrogen is in the nitrate (NO3-) form. Phosphorus does not usually leach through soil, except for soils with a high sand content, because it readily reacts and is retained by other soil components.

5. Gaseous Losses and Gains of Nutrients - losses of nutrients through transformations to gaseous nutrient forms include the processes of volatilization, denitrification and oxidation/reduction. Ammonia volatilization occurs when ammonium-based fertilizer is added to the soil surface and the ammonium is converted to ammonia gas. This process usually occurs under hot, windy conditions in high pH soils. Denitrification is the process by which nitrate is converted to gaseous nitrogen forms. This process is favored in wet soils with a large amount of organic matter present. Under extremely wet conditions, nutrients can also be reduced into gaseous forms. The release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from low-lying wet areas is an example. The biological conversion of gaseous nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen in the soil is called nitrogen fixation and results in a gain of nitrogen in the soil. Legume plants, such as beans, sesbania, berseem, cluster bean, pulses, etc. form a symbiotic relationship with bacteria located in the plant roots in which the bacteria fix the nitrogen from air and the plant supplies carbohydrate to the bacteria. The relationship can be inhibited if nitrogen fertilizer is added to legume plants.

6. Soil Acidity or pH - Soil acidity is an important soil chemical characteristic primarily because it affects the availability of plant nutrients and plant growth. Other effects of soil acidity include effects on soil microbial activity, on exchange capacity, and the physical structure of the soil. An understanding of the concept of soil acidity can assist you in your fertilization program and help you to determine whether you may need to correct acid or basic conditions in the soil.

Organic versus inorganic - Fertilizers and other nutrient amendments can contain plant nutrients in either an inorganic or organic form. Most plants only absorb inorganic forms of plant nutrients, and, therefore, organic nutrients must be converted to inorganic forms to become available to the growing plant.

The process by which organic nutrients are converted to inorganic nutrients is called materialization. Fortunately, if the soil contains many microorganisms, which decompose and mineralize organic nutrients. The rate at which this process occurs will be affected by such factors as climate, soil texture and the amount and composition of the organic material added.

Woody materials high in lignin will decompose slower than green materials high in organic nitrogen. Inorganic salts such as ammonium nitrate, release inorganic nitrogen that is immediately available to the growing plant. Organic sources of nitrogen, such as manure, are converted to inorganic nitrogen more slowly and the nitrogen from the manure will be available to the growing plant over a longer period.

One advantage of this longer-term release is inorganic nitrogen in the form of nitrate can be leached down in the soil and be lost for plant uptake and possibly contaminate groundwater. If inorganic nitrogen is added to the soil in excess of plant needs then leaching can occur. Organic nutrient amendments can be considered as slow release fertilizers. A notable exception to this rule is urea, which is a manufactured organic form of nitrogen. Urea is rapidly converted to ammonium when added to soil.

What is EM Technology?

EM is an abbreviation of Effective Microorganisms; it is a technology that applies effective microorganism. A mixture of groups of microorganisms has a reviving action on humans, animals, plants, and the natural environment. It is a concept which is, environment friendly and cost effective through waste recycling developed in the fields.

It contains lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarium, L. casei), photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonos plustris, Rhodobacter Sphacrodes), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and others may consist of those found locally.

Many problems of environmental pollution have resulted from excessive applications of pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers in the traditional farming system. This is endangering the existence of human being on the earth. Therefore, the concept of nature farming or organic farming has become increasingly important. Recently, application of microbial inoculants is introduced to the nature farming system. MI (Microbial inoculants) applications have been approved effective in many aspect and played important roles in promoting crop productions and purifying the environment.

EM promotes germination, growth, flowering, fruiting and ripening in crop plants. EM enhances the photosynthetic capacity of plants. EM increases the efficiency of organic matter as fertilizers. EM develops resistance of plants to pests and diseases. EM improves the physical, chemical and biological environments of soil. EM suppresses soil borne pathogens and pests.

It can convert all kinds of crop residues, Farmyard manure, poultry manure, and sugarcane filter cake or press mud and solid municipal waste into high quality biofertilizer within 10 days. Increasing the utilization efficiency of solar energy from maximum crop production as the actual utilization rate is less than 3% as against 10-20%. The best opportunity for increasing biomass production is to utilize the visible light, which cannot be used by chloroplasts and the infrared radiation energy.

In the presence of organic matter, photosynthetic bacteria and algae can utilize wavelengths ranging from 700-1200 nm. Fermenting microbes could also breakdown organic matter, thereby releasing complex compounds such amino acids for utilization by plants. This enhances the efficiency of organic matter in crop production.

Banana cultivation with EM- Technology
Given the importance to banana industry in Pakistan, Asim Agriculture Farm has taken serious view and decided to adopt effective microbes along with organic manures and various other cultural practices that are instrumental in increasing the productivity of banana crop in our climatic conditions.

Banana is heavy surface feeder crop, as feeding roots lie in the upper 6 layer of soil, hence it require heavy manuring. The application of irrigation water through fermentor resulted an increased leaf area index followed by thick green color and huge number of earth worms and other biological entities developed inside the soil which are serving as the natural tilth of the soil, the roots of banana plant taken up nutrients and water easily with increased biological activities.

This practice has reduced our cost in terms of working with tools, chemical synthetic fertilizers and labor. Banana fruit produced increased number of hands, size of finger and color of fruit only after application of effective microbes.

Sugarcane cultivation with EM- Technology:

Sugarcane is an important cash crop in Pakistan. Sugarcane is the main source of sugar production in the world. Asim Agriculture Farm has achieved higher yield of sugarcane by using EM technology, Sugarcane recovery percentage of em-treated sugarcane variety (PR-1000) was 11.5% whereas, the recovery percentage of un-treated sugarcane was 8.1%.

The Yield of sugarcane of em-treated sugarcane were 1900 maunds/acre from 47 acres whereas, the yield of sugarcane of un-treated were 1500 maunds/acre from 50 acres. Organic manure for mango orchard grown in mulch culture along with EM-Technology This report presents effective microorganisms application guidelines for a ring, mulch culture system for mango orchard.

As we all know we are passing through the cutting edges of water shortages our existence seems difficult as time goes if we were not able to evolve the Information on the sequence of operations in the mulch system on mango tree is included. This information has been developed from results of research in Asim Agriculture Farm Tando Allahyar.

1. Digging, (6 deep and 3’ away from the main trunk) shaping and pressing of rings. (According to the canopy).
2. Application of Farm Yard Manure or press mud composted (Bokashi)
3. Application of EM-Technology (fermented irrigation water or drops) and
4. Mulching

a) This has increased biological life inside the soil. (Earthworms and certain other microbes)
b) The roots of mango trees have a tendency to move with water films and available nutrients inside the soil. The application of bokashi and irrigation through fermentor helped a lot in root hair development (1’ to 2’ below the ground level) within a circle. Most of the water and nutrients are taken up by the root hairs.
c) The organic compounds are decomposed by the action of effective microbes into inorganic molecules which are taken up easily by the mango tree consequently the vigorous vegetative growth give a healthier look of mango trees.
d) These effective microbes are serving as the sterilization agents.
e) Mulching keeps proper moisture, weed control and more importantly a safe house for mango tree rhizosphere.

The 21st century has dawned, with renewed hope for a better livelihood for the populations of this earth. Hence the themes often discussed at international forum on human welfare and agriculture range from sustainability, food security and safety to the provision of a productive and healthy environment to humankind and its future generations. Hence there is often a great deal of optimism about the possibilities of solving the multitude of problems in relation to the provision of food and a clean healthy environment for all.

Although the picture being painted seems rosy with numerous possibilities, the reality is not that simple. The future is not too optimistic. The post war agricultural revolution has brought about problems of pollution, which are increasing in magnitude, although the agricultural development projects have increased yields in both developed and developing countries.

The problems also arise from over production of agricultural commodities in the developed countries, while inadequate production and unequal distribution of food and resources in the developing countries is a common phenomenon. There is excessive pollution caused by industrialized agriculture, loss of biodiversity and increased incidence of pests and diseases. The use of genetically modified organisms has raised concerns about food safety.

All these problems need solutions to maintain and possibly enhance the quality of the environment and provision of food for humankind and also all forms of life on earth The potential of EM in agriculture and environmental management is significant. The technology can be used easily and economically to enhance productivity of agricultural systems, especially organic systems and in mitigating environmental pollution.

EM Derivatives

Introduction

Effective Microorganisms (EM) are a mixed cultures of beneficial microorganisms. They are applied into soil or plants to increase their microbial diversity so as to improve soil health, and the growth, yield and quality of the plants.

Benefits of EM applications

1. Improve soil structure ( soil aggregation, water holding capability, increase alkalinity)
   
2. Improve photosynthesis ability of plants
3. Enhance seed germination, growth, maturity, flowering, fruiting and ripening
4. Hasten decomposition (fermentation) of organic matters
5. Remove odour of animal dungs or organic matter used in organic fertilizer
6. Control or suppress pests and soil-borne diseases
   
7. Reduce re-planting problem

Application of Effective Microorganisms (EM) Technology

To start an organic farm/plantation or manufacture organic products, knowing how to culture and apply the effective microorganisms (EM) technology is an advantage.

The following EM derivatives:

1. EM Stock ( This is a concentrated culture of effective microorganisms) ;
   
2. EMAS ( Effective Microorganisms Activated Solution - a solution which consisted of clean water which have been added with some EM Stock to allow the effective microorganisms to multiply ) ;
   
3. FPJ ( Fermented Plant Juice which is a supplement of vitamins, hormones and enzymes which helps to prevent pests and disease of the plants and soil. It also fortifies microbial activities in the leaves and soil) ;
4. FFJ ( Fermented Fruit Juice which helps to promote flowering and fruiting );
   
5. FFA ( Fermented Fish which is a foliar feed that provides Nitrogen/Amino acid for plants and promotes photosynthetic bacterias activities ) ;
6. FPE ( Fermented Plant Extract which is extracted from a mixture of herbs to be used as insecticide or insect repellents ) ;
7. CaP ( Calcium Phosphate for promoting growth and fruits )
   
8. EM5 ( Effective Microorganisms insecticide and repellent to prevent disease and pests problems in plants and animals ) ;
   
9. BOKASHI ( There are many types of bokashi. They are compost and fertilizer lump together to be mixed with soil for planting vegetables and fruit trees. Most bokashi are produced by fermenting manure and recycled organic wastes. They contain most of the nutrients for plant growth ).

Producing the above EM derivatives can help farmers or planters to :

1. save up to 50% of their operational cost ;
2. increase their crop yield by more than 25% ;
   
3. produce organic vegetables and fruits ;
4. fetch better price for their crops ;
   
5. prevent themselves from exposure to chemicals, pesticides and herbicides ;
6. prevent leaching of fertilizer in their farms/plantations ;
7. enrich and condition their land ;
8. increase more microbial activities in their land ;
9. balance the ecosystem in their land ;
10. save the environment by not using chemicals.

Things to know about Effective Microorganisms (EM)

Try to memorize the odor of EM while it is still fresh. As the dormant microbes awaken from exposure to air, heat and light, they gradually become active and their composition is compromised.

You will see two things happen in this process:
The lactic acid is the first to become active and will create a white film at the top of the liquid. This is OK. But other microbes awakening follow this process.
The photosynthetic bacteria are the last to awaken and when they become active your EM will take on a sharper, more pungent smell. This happens anywhere from 3-4 weeks up to 6 months depending upon storage.

STORAGE OF EM:

Store in the coolest environment available (preferably about 50 degrees), in a closed container away from light. Of the three elements that awaken the dormant microbes, light is the most influential, then heat, then air. I like to store the bulk of my EM in a bladder where the air can be expelled, and place this in a cool, dark environment. I keep a 2-4 oz bottle of EM beside my kitchen and bathroom sinks, and a small ½ oz bottle in my purse (great to add to restaurant water). I prefer amber glass bottles with eyedroppers so I can see inside.

FOR ANIMAL WATER:

Add just enough EM to barely tint the water. When administering to food, start with 1-2 drops and increase up to ¼ tsp daily.

FOR PLANTS:

DO NOT USE STRAIGHT ON INDOOR PLANTS.
Add EM to watering (with or without fertilizer) at the ratio of between 1:500, 1:1000 or 1:10,000 depending on how frequently you use EM and if it is being mixed with fertilizer. EM may be used with every watering.

CONVERSION CHART:

75 drops = 1 tsp
225 drops = 3 tsp = 1 Tbs
1350 drops = 18 tsp = 6 Tbs = 1/3 cup
24,300 drops = 54 tsp = 18 Tbs = 1 cup

Approximately 1 drop per ¼ cup = 1:1000
“ 2 drops per ½ cup = “
“ 3 drops per ¾ cup = “
“ 4 drops per 1 cup = “
“ 64 drops per 1 gallon = “
“ 2 Tbs per 7 gallons = “

I am always pleased to find new uses for EM, as it is a joy to use a product that is not only safe, but actually has beneficial advantages. Although I am not a doctor or scientist and can not validate with any authority that the ways in which I use EM are not harmful, I do know with certainty that the ingredients in EM are benign and without danger. This is not so with our many household ingredients such as detergents, bleach, ammonia, tile and toilet cleaner, and even personal care products such as shampoo and toothpaste (did you know that toothpaste contains a warning not to swallow)? The more ways in which I find to use EM the less I have to rely on chemicals. My goal is to have a toxic-free home and EM has made this goal much more attainable.

EM does not do everything, but it does enough to allow me to store all of the ordinary household chemicals in the garage where their fumes are not polluting the air within my home. According to a study conducted in 1995, the air in every house tested showed many times more toxic than the air outside, regardless of how pure or polluted the outside air. We need 3 things to live - air, food and water. EM can help make these essential elements less toxic. I have found dozens of uses for EM around my house.

KITCHEN:

• soak plastic dishes and wooden utensils and bowls
• wipe counters
• rinse dishes (dishwasher or by hand)
• as soak for any cooked or caked on containers
• clean produce or meat (especially fish, seafood and poultry)
• in the cooking water
• clean refrigerator

BATHROOM:

• clean toilet
• clean shower

OTHER:

• clean carpets
• mist onto carpets between cleaning to reduce animal smells
• mist onto stuffed furniture to reduce dust mites and odors
• use in laundry (in wash or rinse cycle), especially for musty rags or forgotten washer loads (CAUTION - the microbes may break down dyes faster)
• for cleaning any foul smelling messes
• deodorize EVERYTHING (urine, vomit, garlic/onion)
• diffused in the air to rid odors in house (steam works best, but misting is effective too)
• to rid puddles of mosquitoes
• to clean rust of tools
• in wells
• in septic tanks
• in paint (but check with company about this because I have never tried it, and I suspect that you have to use the paint IMMEDIATELY before it is broken down – but it is suppose to have incredible benefits)
• on wooden decks
• poured onto roof for moss control

ANIMALS:

• as a rinse after bathing (reduces doggy-odor and leaves their coat soft)
• in their ears for mites & ear infections
• mist onto coat of animal that has ‘rolled’ in something smelly (great for skunk-sprayed animal)
• in their water and food
• in the kitty litter box – pouring straight EM on wood shavings and placing this at the bottom works best, but misting straight EM onto the litter box is useful too

PERSONAL CARE:

• in bath water (with baking soda to soften)
• to brush onto teeth
• breath control
• as a hair rinse
• to remove unwanted fragrances from hair and skin products
• to clean wounds and sores
• in itchy ears
• for insect bites or other skin irritations (stinging, burning or itchy)
• athlete’s foot or other fungal problems
• a cleansing enema or douche (mildest solution)
• under-arm odor (instant bath)
• in drinking water

Some of the benefits I have witnessed in the kitchen are readily observed when EM is placed in water. Usually, tiny bubbles can be seen within seconds of placing a few drops of EM into tap water. This tells you that the little microbes are busy digesting pollutants and creating oxygen as a by-product.

I feel safe using EM for cleaning all of my food. It effectively reduces fishy odors and I can rely on its safety to clean my produce, unlike the vegetable cleaning products now on the market.

I really appreciate the job EM does in cleaning toilets and other fixtures and counters. Porcelain seems to shine better with EM and I know that it won’t eat away the finish like cleansers do. Also, I don’t like using those ‘blue’ toilet cleaners ever since I learned how bad they are for the environment.

Wherever I smell odor I use EM. I have an elderly lady friend whose old dog is incontinent, so her house wreaks of animal urine. I took some EM in a spray bottle and misted the entire carpet, which reduced the odor immediately and was still effective 3 weeks later!

I also found that one of my cats seems to be a mite-magnet. She has 3 favorite chairs that cause us to itch whenever we sit on them. Repeated use of EM on her and the furniture has gotten rid of this problem.

I found a simple solution to animal odors and cooking odors. I simply put a pot of EM-water on the stove and simmer until gone. EM is activated by heat, released in the steam and cleanses the air. I would imagine this is good for anyone who is ill, or with lung problems, or for babies and children.

I read something in Dr. Higa’s book that made me try EM in my curbside gutters that were a breeding ground for mosquitoes. I found a little EM once a week keeps them from laying eggs!

I also read how EM removes rust and decided to try it on an old horseshoe before subjecting any of my tools to the treatment. I made a strong solution and placed half of an old rusty horseshoe into the solution. After 24 hours the rust was gone, even inside the nail holes. That was over a year ago and the shoe remains rust-free today. I then felt it was safe to subject my tools to a rust-removing dip.

Did I mention that animals who are totally surrounded with EM have odorless shit? My dogs never got totally smell-less but it did decompose into what looked like wood shavings within a couple of days and it didn’t draw flies.

NOW FOR THE “DON’T” LIST:

• Don’t under estimate the power of these microbes.
• Don’t use EM straight on your houseplants.
• Don’t consume large quantities of EM without building up slowly that goes for animals as well as people.
• Don’t expect miraculous changes in your body, just KNOW good things are happening.
• Don’t expect to get full benefits from using a living product like this without investing some time reading and learning about it. There are videos and books available from the company.

What you need from EM

EM - effective Microorganism

For sustainable Environment and Healthy Life

EM can be applied in various ways to enhance healthy environment and healthy life:

AT HOME	Making compost from kichen garbage Spraying EM on the carpet keeps bugs away and the room becomes less dusty. Spraying EM on the pets keeps flee or bugs away, eliminates their peculiar smell. Adding a few drops of EM in their drinking water enhances their health, and their excretions becomes less semlly.	Spraying EM can keep the kichen always clean and shiny. Adding a capful EM into the washing machine re- quires less detergent and makes the clothes so fluffy after rinsing, thus they dry so quickly. Spraying EM on the plants enhances their healthy growth tremendously with stronger resisitance against diseases, thus it eliminates the need of use of pestiside and chemical fertilizer.	Spraying EM into the refrige - rator as a substitute of deodorant. Pouring a capful EM into the toilet or water tank prevents grime and clogging pipe, plus keep the toilet odorless. Spraying EM into the hood of the car enhances the combustion efficiency of the gas because of anti-rustic effect and peculiar vibrational energy of EM, thus you can save a lot of cost of energy.
AGRI- CULTURAL & FARMING	Organic farming based on EM compost or fertilizer and irrigation system with EM- diluted water yields healthier and bigger crops with richer nutrients.	Chickens fed on EM-processed food grows healthier and their egss conatins so much nutrients than normal. Notice the yellow part of a egg does not break easily because it is so healthy.	EM fed cattles and swines usallygrow very healthy, their manures hardly smell which can be recycled as excellent organic fertilizer. You do not need any antibiotics or hormones to make them fat or disease-free.

No More Waste with EM

A system to process all organic kitchen garbage into pulverized fertilizer

Households that have their own fields or kitchen gardens can easily recycle their kitchen garbage into EM compost and use it by themselves, and this practice is becoming common in many places around Japan. This kind of grassroots movement is of course very essential, but this time I would like to present a recycling system which can turn all food remains into high quality fertilizer. This system would cover all households, including those in apartments, and also restaurants, hotels, food- processing factories etc. Food refuse from the lives of 120millon people in Japan would produce enough fertilizer to replace all chemical fertilizers now in use, and thus offer us really healthy farm products grown in Japan.

The effect of EM fertilizer is not limited to the revival of farming.EM-Bokashi-used daily in households would revive the family life as well because EM purifies the atmosphere in the house making everyone healthier and happier. Furthermore, every citizen can feel he or she is taking part in the restoration of the earth.

In order to process all garbage into pulverized EM-fertilizer, we need to construct a great number of factories throughout Japan. As for their management, nongovernmental enterprises would be the best solution, but for the cost of the plants and equipment they would need financial aid from local and central governments. This public financing can be provided by the money, which was previously used for burning garbage at incinerators.

Transportation of the garbage from homes, restaurants, etc to the factories is not a big problem at all since we can use the present collecting system now in use to carry garbage from collecting stations to the incinerators. Citizens are already used to separating garbage according to type and putting it out for collection. The more difficult question is how to persuade households to add EM-Bokashi at home to their garbage before it is taken out for collection. Local governments should provide all households with garbage containers, and instruct citizens to sprinkle EM-Bokashi onto the garbage every time it is put into the container. The price of Bokashi is very low, so I believe most people would be ready to pay the cost in order take part in this recycling movement. In the case of those people who are not ready to cooperate in using Bokashi at their homes, EM could be added to the garbage after it is carried to the factory. At any rate the raw garbage should be collected every day to prevent it from spoiling. Then it is not too late to treat it with EM after collection.

In order to further improve the quality of the fertilizer, it is better to add other organic materials into garbage while processing it. This year I visited a few fertilizer factories and found out they were using rice bran, activated carbon, fossil seashell, minerals, dung etc together with food garbage to produce high quality fertilizer.

To my knowledge there are already quite a few EM-fertilizer factories operating in Japan and far more in other countries around the world, so we already have enough proof of the effectiveness of EM as a method of recycling garbage. The next step is to create a nation-wide organization in order to extend this system to recycle all the garbage in Japan.

When this system is put on track and pulverized EM-fertilizer is available everywhere at a low price, I am sure more and more farmers will be ready to use it and say good -bye to harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

However, it is too optimistic to believe this system can spread to every corner of Japan all at once. I think it is better to select a few pilot communities where EM- technology is already recognized by local governments and used widely by common citizens. Governmental workers are sensitive to everything new, and often drag their feet when it comes to something for which there is no precedent. However, after something is proved officially, it can quickly become a boom.

As for myself, I would like to attempt to prepare a draft for a new law concerning garbage recycling. Of course nobody can do this kind of a job alone, so I need to find a number of Diet members who believe in this plan and who are willing to work together on it.

History of EM

In 1982 Dr. Teruo Higa presented his new discovery to to the international market. Dr.Higa called this discovery "Effective Microorganisms". Since then, the use of Effective Microorganisms™ has spread to over 120 countries. Effective Microorganisms™ is a brand name, not a generic term, referring to a proprietary blend of non-pathogenic microorganisms that secrete benificial compounds for other life. From this original product, a technology has formed. Dr. Higa calls this EM Technology™.

EM America offers only the original, authentic, and certified brand, Effective Microorganisms™, (EM-1®), produced under the direct supervision of Dr. Teruo Higa, by EM Research Organizatio 's (EMRO) highly trained scientists in Tucson, Arizona at EMRO USA Effective Microorganisms .EMRO USA is the ONLY facitlity in North America currently producing Dr. Higa's products. This facility has been food grade since 2003 and is one over 50 such Effective Microorganisms™ production centers in the world. EMRO USA is also the only facility producing the food grade PROEM-1® Daily Probiotic Cleanse in the world.

EM America is licensed by EMRO USA Effective Microorganisms to use the EM Logo, exclusively distribute their entire product line, and manufacture products utilizing Effective Microorganisms® Technology.

We sell all food-grade products made with proprietary techniques that ensure the highest, most consistent product quality on the market.

Several companies around the world have taken Dr. Higa's technology and tried to copy it and make similar claims of effects. Some of these companies use research conducted with Effective Microorganisms™ to market their own products and even tell their customers their product is "Effective Microorganisms". The only way to be sure that you have the Original, Authentic, Certified. and licensed products is to look for the EM Logo. EM-1® and EM-X® are registered trademarks of EM Research Organization (EMRO).

What is EM Solution

EM Solution or called "EM" (EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS )

　 EM stands for (effective microorganisms). EM is a combination of various beneficial， naturally occurring microorganisms; mostly used for or found in foods. EM contains beneficial organisms from 3 main genera: photosynthetic bacteria， lactic acid bacteria and yeast. These effective microorganisms secrete beneficial substances such as vitamins， organic acids chelated minerals and antioxidants when in contract with organic matter. They change soil micro flora and fauna so that disease-inducting soil becomes disease-suppressing soil， which in turn has the capability to develop into axymogene soil. The anti-oxidation effects of these microorganisms pass directly to the soil or indirectly to plants maintaining their NPK and CN ratio. This process increases the humus content of the soil and is capable of sustaining high quality food production.

Effective microorganisms were developed over many years in liquid form by Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa， University of the Ryukyus， and finished in 1982. At first EM was considered an alternative for agriculture; chemicals. But its use has now spread to application in environmental， industrial and health fields， How ever， it must be stressed that EM is not a synthetic chemical or a medicine but a microbial formula.

Prospects of EM

Sanko Sangyo provides cost effective multi-disciplinary professional services and consultancy in the field of agriculture， environment， health & other sciences. The catch phrase of our EM Technology is “sustainable society， based on co-existence and co-prosperity， quality information， safety， convenience， low cost and high quality”.
Sanko Sangyo is the mother company in Okinawa-Japan， which introduced and launched the research and the business of EM Technology 25 years ago. Prof. Teruo Higa of The Univesity of the Ryukyus， joined to develop EM Products in early 80’s. Since then， Sanko Sangyo is devoted and dedicated to produce safe and high quality EM products for its customers to contribute in protecting of human and environmental health.

Expertise:

Bioremediation
a) Industrial solid wastes / sludge
b) Municipal wastes / garbage
c) Industrial effluent
d) Sewage sludge
e) Sewage water

Deodorization
a) Industrial odor / tannery odor
b) Sewage odor
c) Live-stock shed odor
d) Poultry farm odor
e) Indoor odor

Agriculture
a) Reclamation of saline-sodic lands
b) Reuse of saline ground water as irrigation water
c) Organic farming

Using EM Technology， the hazardous metals-laden mineral sludge can be converted into nonhazardous biological sludge for safe disposal and use as biofertilizer in agriculture and as soil conditioner in ameliorating saline-alkali lands.
Using EM Technology， deodorization can be achieved in the industry premises. The elimination of obnoxious odor can be emitted from the stagnant industrial and sewage water using EM Technology.
Using EM Technology， saline-alkali lands can be reclaimed and hazardous groundwater can be made fit for irrigation purposes. The farm refuse and farmyard manure and poultry manure can be converted into compost for promoting organic farming.

Agriculture:
Agriculture is a vast field. Land is the basic resource for growing crops at large scale to meet the food requirements of the humans and animals. The application of EM starts from the improvement of land & irrigation water， seed treatment， sprays for the enhancement of photosynthesis and control of insects， pests & diseases. EM Technology， thus， helps to:

i) reclame / ameliorate salt affected lands， improve soil structure and its related properties， improve germination of seeds， growth of crops， enhance photosynthesis， control of weeds， control on insects & disease and finally increase in yield.
ii) remove various problems relating to horticulture (gardens or orchards) to increase fruit production and its quality.
iii) enhance the quality of all types of farmyard manures i.e. animal manure， poultry manure， solid waste， litter， kitchen garbage， green leaves， grass etc when converted into compost， the application of which increases the microbial population in the root zone.
iv) accelerate decomposition of organic matter applied to the land， availability of nutrients to crops and control of insects， pests & diseases.
v) minimize the salinity hazard of groundwater used for irrigation purposes.
vi) conduct sustainable organic farming comparable to farming with synthetic fertilizers.

Vegetables
Vegetables are the most important diet for humans. Some vegetables are eaten as such. Vegetables are very delicate. The application of EM helps to:

i) improve the texture and quality of all the vegetables.
ii) increase the microbial population， accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and timely release of nutrients for the uptake by the vegetables.
iii) increase the yield.

Gardens & Orchards
Fruits are the rich source of vitamins and minerals to the humans. Insecticides sprays are dangerous for human health as the insecticide (poison) accumulate in the uppermost fruit layer. EM Technology has made it possible to grow fruits without insecticides. EM sprays help to control attack of insects， pests & diseases. The application of EM in various forms helps to:

i) increase microbial population， accelerate decomposition of organic matter and timely release of nutrients， improve and maintain the porosity of the soil under the canopy of fruit trees.
ii) control insects， pest and diseases
iii) enhance photosynthesis
iv) increase fruit yield and its quality
v) carry out sustainable and profitable horticulture

Parks & Lawns
Parks & lawns are maintained for the recreation of humans. People like green parks & lawns. A lot of budget is required to keep parks & lawns in good condition. The application of EM products and EM composted organic matter helps to:

i) reclame saline and alkali patches
ii) maintain the soil fertility
iii) increase microbial population
iv) improve the growth of grasses

Animal husbandry
Rearing of animals is always accompanied with foul odor， storage of fluid & solid waste， and their handling and management. It is a permanent problem. However， the application of EM helps to:

i) eliminate foul odor at the livestock， poultry and stud farms
ii) eliminate the pathogens
iii) eliminate flies and mosquitoes
iv) clean the environments
v) provide better working atmosphere to the workmen
vi) create interest in handling of EM composted material， its transport and application in the field
vii) improve digestive system by feeding EM fermented dry feed & green food and offering EM mixed drinking water
viii) improve overall shed environment and reduce / eliminate infections & diseases when sprayed at regular intervals with quantified dozes
ix) improve milk and egg yield
x) improve meat quality in livestock， poultry and fisheries
xi) reduce infant mortality

Environmental pollution:
Industries produce 3 types of pollution i.e. air pollution with the gases and smoke; surface and groundwater pollution with the wastewater (effluent) loaded with various types of salts and pollutants; and land pollution with the solid waste thrown along the road side， open drains， sewage， wastelands and agricultural lands. Industries are of many kinds and have polluted almost all the water bodies in the absence of execution of environmental laws. Latest diseases like cancer， hepatitis， respiratory diseases， diarrhea and others have been caused by the air and water pollution. EM Technology helps to:

i) convert the sludge of industries into biosludge for its safe disposal or application as biofertilizer in floriculture and parks & lawns.
ii) deodorize obnoxious odor of industrial effluent， tanneries， sewage， solid waste， municipal waste etc.
iii) prevent the breeding of flies and mosquitoes
iv) reduce the concentration of pollutants in the effluent for its safe disposal. An extra treatment can make the effluent reusable for watering of flowers and lawns.
v) control surface as well as groundwater pollution
vi) diminish the pollutants in the sewage water and clean it further for safe disposal.
vii) compost municipal waste for reuse.

Recycling of perishable kitchen garbage & Municipal Solid Waste
Kitchen garbage & City Solid Waste is the major source of pollution as it contains perishable vegetative material. It consumes lot of budget for collection and produces problems of foul odor at dumping site. The problem of such waste can be solved and much savings can be made if the kitchen garbage is handled at each household and Municipal Waste is minimized in total. Application of EM helps to:

i) convert garbage into bio-fertilizer usable at home scale.
ii) consume almost no budget， rather reduce expenditure being incurred on the purchase of organic matter from the market to maintain gardening at small or large scale.
iii) reduce the volume of garbage waste collection from each house.
iv) eliminate transportation cost to dump site.
v) reduce management cost at dump site.
vi) eliminate production of foul odor， flies and mosquitoes.
vii) clean bathrooms with the liquid fertilizer produced during recycling of garbage， thus eliminate expenditures on purchase of cleaning/washing material.